However, all of this suddenly collapsed in the 13thcentury when the centers were mysteriously abandoned and were never revived. Direct link to 2198414's post I don't have a Question, Posted 6 months ago. Chaco Canyon is home to the ruins of multi-story buildings constructed of stone known as "great houses." nps.gov/chcu/ Photo: Courtesy of Ed Massery and Tom Underiner. Kennett, Plog and their colleagues argue their findings support the hypothesis of direct continuity between Chacoan matrilines and those of many Pueblo groups today. You can learn more about this at the website. Is someone planning to erect drilling rigs on the protected land? Direct link to David Alexander's post Whatever they may have be, Posted 2 years ago. Over 100,000 artifacts, primarily sherds and lithics, were collected during the 100% site inventory survey conducted by the Chaco Project. We now know this is misleading, and was not the case. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Today, visitors have to imagine the greenery that would have filled the canyon. Next, the team analyzed the ratios of copper to hydrogen isotopes of 74 turquoise artifacts from Puebloan sites in the San Juan Basin, southern Utah and the Moapa Valley in Nevada. Research can either be done on-site in the research rooms or off-site through a loan of materials to accredited institutions. In recognition of its rich archaeological resources, Chaco Culture NHP is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. Chaco Canyon, a major centre of ancestral Pueblo culture between 850 and 1250, was a focus for ceremonials, trade and political activity for the prehistoric Four Corners area. Starship Earth: The Big Picture | Proudly Powered by WordPress, Egyptian artifacts and a tunnel entrance were found in Grand Canyon, Adobe Acrobat File 2.7 MB Click to Download, http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html, The 9/11 Omission Commission: What They Purposely Left Out [video], NEIL KEENAN UPDATE: ASIA IN THE DRIVERS SEATAND NEWS ON NELU, Jewish Watch Australia The WingMakers; Evidence of Ancient Off-World Visitors in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, Your Sunday Digest for January 29, 2023: Heads Up, Patriots [videos], January 28, 2023: A Strong Weekend for the Patriots [videos], January 27, 2023: Weapons of War in the Deafening Silence [videos], January 26, 2023: The Drums of War Grow Louder Still [videos], January 25, 2023: Look Over Here, Not Over There, January 24, 2023: Stunning Revelations in the Countdown When You Keep Your Eyes Peeled [videos], January 23, 2023: If Truth Were Water We Would All Drown [videos], Your Sunday Digest for January 22, 2023: [videos], January 21, 2023: Shes Gonna Blow [videos], January 20, 2023: Dangerous Surf and Undertow [videos], January 19, 2023: News to Wow the Patriots [videos], January 18, 2023: Its All About Winning, And We Know Who Won [videos], QsDay January 17, 2023: One for the Money, Two for the Show, Three to Get Ready and [videos], January 16, 2023: Martin Luther Kings Dream Will Be Reality [videos], Your Sunday Digest for January 15, 2023: Laughing and CryingAll at the Same Time [videos]. Given no other options, and with grave danger to himself, Neruda defects from the ACIO, taking materials from the Ancient Arrow site with him. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. The Chaco Project began with an inventory survey of parkland that identified nearly 4,000 sites, two-thirds of which are prehistoric. How do oil drilling and fracking threaten the Chaco area. Research is ongoing to determine whether the T-shaped doors suggest the influence of Chaco or if the T-shaped door was a common aesthetic feature in this area, which the Chacoans then adopted. The smaller kivas likely functioned as ceremonial spaces, although they were likely multi-purpose rooms. In 2007, the Chaco Collection was moved into its new home in the Hibben Center on the University of New Mexico Albuquerque campus. Chacoan society arose in an isolated canyon setting without highly visible resources. There are over 20,000 specimens in the parks many type and comparative collections, including ceramics, lithics, fauna, turquoise, clay, lichens, and flora. Moreover, some archaeologists say, some indigenous people might eventually opt to have their own DNA sequenced to see how closely related they might be to ancient Chacoan ancestorsa step taken by at least one Washington State tribal group that turned out to have a close genetic affiliation with Kennewick Man. In 1896, a team known as the Hyde Exploring Expedition began excavating Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The collection also contains a wide variety of ecofacts (ecological specimens that yield information about the environment) such as faunal and botanical specimens, pollen and soil samples, mineral specimens, and wood samples used for tree-ring-dating. The Chaco Project began with an inventory survey of parkland that identified nearly 4,000 sites, two-thirds of which are prehistoric. Direct link to 2173972's post How did the puebloans get, Posted 5 months ago. The great kiva at Chetro Ketl, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (National Park Service), The great kiva at Chetro Ketl, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (photo: Paul Williams, CC BY-NC 2.0). When you consider that Egyptian artifacts and a tunnel entrance were found in Grand Canyon in Northern Arizona, its really no surprise that remarkable discoveries such as this occur, or that they are hidden from the public as much as possible, and certainly never discussed on mainstream news. how did Richard conclude that the people of Chaco canyon traveled to distant places and traded with other peoples? The Smithsonian Institution was designated as the repository for the collection, where it is still housed today. Team member George Perry, an ancient DNA expert at Penn State, says that whereas the researchers did not formally consult with tribal leaders nor seek their approval to carry out the study beforehand, he is now working diligently to engage with multiple groups in the Southwest to present and discuss the results of the research. Getting the blessing of indigenous groups may be key to further research because there are other burials at Pueblo Bonito and other Chacoan sites yet to be studied. Ive been to Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. The park has limited staff and research resources that must be made available to researchers whose work focuses on materials available only at Chaco Culture NHP. Chaco Canyon is a world heritage site constructed over a period of 300 years by a highly developed civilization that most likely had celestial and other knowledge that has been lost to us. A computer at the observatory registered the faint signature of light, but no one could have fathomed that it had triggered something that had been lying dormant in the desert of Chaco Canyon for 1200 years. The Chacoan region extended far beyond this center, but unfortunately the Greater Chacoan Region does not fall under the protection of the National Park Service or UNESCO. The Chaco Museum Collection is primarily an archaeological research collection documenting the full range of prehistoric and historic occupation of Chaco Canyon, from ca. Much of the Greater Chaco Region needs to be surveyed, because there are certainly many undiscovered structures, roads, and other findings that would help us learn more about this important culture. DO click on the links in the article below to see the diagrams, etc. Access to materials is dependent upon their physical condition and the level of processing-to-date. The artifact, which becomes known among ACIO operatives as the Compass, is quickly determined to be of extraterrestrial origin, and its purpose is eventually construed to be a homing device. Chaco Canyon is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Architectural materials (primarily mortar and plaster samples and wooden construction beams) continue to be collected as part of the long-term Wood Preservation Project. The team is now looking to further map the movement of the blue-green mineral across the southwestern United States, in hopes of learning more about the individual groups that coveted turquoise and were involved in the massive trade network. Alamo ranch in Colorado was heavily in debt (and would be foreclosed and sold at auction in 1902). Several skeletal remains showing extremities with extra toes and fingers have also been found. Direct link to Adriana's post Did the chacoans start he, Posted 5 months ago. The researchers were able to sequence an average of 98 percent of the mtDNA from nine individuals spanning the entire 330-year chronological sequence. In Photos: 'Alien' Skulls Reveal Odd, Ancient . After leaving Albuquerque, we stopped in the tiny village of Cuba (population 742), for pancakes. The mutation just happens by chance to occur in an influential family and the end result is a history of reverence for six fingers/toes. [In Photos: Archaeology Around the World]. NY 10036. . (Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.). Research conducted by scientists, historians, archaeologists, ethnographers and other specialists. One of the discovered remains had an ornate anklet around its six-toed foot but carried no such offering on its five-toed foot. 2900 BC to the mid-1900s. Initially, scientists thought the gems came from the nearest turquoise deposit more than 124 miles (200 kilometers) away the Cerrillos Hills Mining District near present-day Santa Fe, N.M. "The last time I went to Cerrillos Hills, we had to walk quite a ways to get to it," Hull said. The Chacoan civilization exerted enormous cultural influence over this region between 850-1130 A.D. The primary uses are: Modern-day visitors can stargaze in the same place where ancient peoples once lived and thrived for hundreds of years, without light pollution interfering with the view. For any of you wanting to contact John for a workshop presentation, you may do so at: jberges@mac.com. But between the two, you have an isotope overlap that is pretty distinct for each resource." Every so often researchers take the skulls out of their cardboard storage boxes on the museums 5th floor and remove the rest of the bones from wooden drawers lining a nearby hallway, laying them out on long tables to study them. And if so, why? the peblons wint to coco canan becis it was like masa verd, Course: Art of the Americas to World War I, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Chaco Canyon UNESCO World Heritage Site webpage, Unexpected Wood Source for Chaco Canyon Great Houses from the University of Arizona. Copper bells found at Chaco also come from much further south in Mexico, once again testifying to the flourishing trade networks at this time. From the 1920s on, archaeologists working Chaco Canyon have collected prehistoric construction wood samples for dendrochronological dating. Chaco refers to a placeChaco Canyonand to an ancient Puebloan society that developed in that place. Exhibits in NPS museums and visitor centers, as well as loans to non-NPS museums for special exhibitions. Chaco Canyon's spectacular architecture, seen at the great structures . Samples have been taken from all the great houses in Chaco Canyon, and cores and cross-sections have been loaned to the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research (LTRR) at the University of Arizona for species ID and dating. The results suggest that a maternal dynasty ruled the societys greatest mansion for more than 300 years, but concerns over research ethics cast a shadow on the technical achievement. If the copper-to-hydrogen isotope ratio for a turquoise artifact matches the distinctive ratio of a mine, it would mean the artifact came from that specific turquoise deposit. Plague, one of the deadliest diseases in human history, has a haunting legacy of mass sickness and destruction. For example, the inhabitants of Pueblo Bonito, the largest great house in the canyon, heavily favored nearby resource areas, while people from some of the smaller Chaco sites got all of their turquoise from deposits in the far west (at least according to the artifacts the researchers could source). Although it is not really known why these images were depicted in homes, researchers suggest that having an extra finger or toe made the person more important and respected in this society. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Another distinguishing characteristic of NPS museums is that they are part of a larger NPS museum system. Some archaeologists are hoping the new study will be just a first step toward a fuller and more detailed understanding of how the ancient Chacoans lived. Within minutes, during one moonless night in 1996, a few thousand photons from this powerful light landed on the mirror of a telescope in New Mexico. The majority of the artifacts were collected during the Chaco Project (1970 - 1985), a multidisciplinary research program of survey and excavation. Direct link to etimadyhusain2020's post how did Richard conclude , Posted 2 years ago. However, the Wetherill family was suffering financial losses. Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (photo: Pueblo Bonito is among the most impressive of the Great Houses. Chacoan culture expanded far beyond the confines of Chaco Canyon. Necklaces, bracelets and other jewelry made up of thousands of turquoise and shell beads accompanied the bones. After President Theodore Roosevelt passed the Antiquities Act of 1906, Chaco was one of the first sites to be made a national monument. This tale of Chaco Canyon is intriguing; not only in that 24 hidden chambers lurk in the monstrous sandstone cliff next to the pueblos, but in that the information and websites featuring the WingMakers artifact and its originators have evolved mysteriously over time. However, according to the report, the Puebla culture did not view six-toed individuals as supernatural like the Maya, but this form of polydactyly did grant people exalted status in life and in death. Direct link to POTATO ALEX's post Words, Posted 6 months ago. Homo Naledi: A Mysterious Extinct Human Species (Video), The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Incredible Odyssey of Mankind: Ape to Human in a Million Years (Video). AD 1 - 1250, the cultural period the park was created to preserve. As April Holloway from Ancient Origins wrote: ''For over 2,000 years, ancient Pueblo peoples occupied a vast region of the south-western United States. Were these settlements abandoned at any time? On a more personal note, Joseph has had a near-obsession with video games for as long as he can remember, and is probably playing a game at this very moment. Astronomical observations clearly played an important role in Chaco life, and they likely had spiritual significance. Researchers are encouraged to complete their preliminary research at archives and libraries with a broader topical focus before requesting access to the holdings of Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Part of Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Chaco Canyon is among the most impressive archaeological sites in the world, receiving tens of thousands of visitors each year. The Puebloans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that are thought to have been the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in ancient Greece? A Visual Tour (Video), Lost City Revealed: The Mysteries of Nan Madol Uncovered (Video), Submerged Secrets: Sunken Nabatean Temple Discovered Off Italian Coast, 10 Jaw-dropping Engineering Marvels of the Inca Empire, Pompeii Unveiled: Discovering the City's Most Amazing Secrets (Video), Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription. Direct link to kritav's post Were these settlements ab, Posted 4 years ago. The world of Chaco is threatened by oil drilling and fracking. Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, is one of the most iconic figures in history. Petroglyphs, Chaco Canyon (photo: KrisNM, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) Chaco is located in a high, desert region of New Mexico, where water is scarce. Posted 4 years ago. Multistoried rooms, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (photo: There are many questions that we are still trying to answer about this remarkable site and the people who lived here. The dates established that the burials spanned a period of some 330 years. However, most cars can make it in good weather; just don't drive your brand-new low-clearance luxury car out . The researchers maintain that people with six toes were usually associated with important ritual structures and were buried with high-status objects like turquoise. This large architectural structure included three great kivas and thirty-two smaller kivas. "Copper isotopes don't work and hydrogen isotopes don't work. An exploratory team from the ACIO is dispatched to the discovery site of the Compass artifact where it is confirmed that the Compass is a homing device, leading the team to an intricately designed structure carved deep inside a canyon wall. The museum collection contains artifact collections from great houses such as Chetro Ketl, Kin Kletso, the Tri-Wall structure at Pueblo del Arroyo, Una Vida, and Talus Unit, as well as small sites such as Bc 50, 51, 59, Lizard House, Gallo Cliff Dwelling, and the Headquarters Site. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. In the new study, detailed in the May 2014 issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science, researchers traced Chaco Canyon turquoise artifacts back to resource areas in Colorado, Nevada and . [See Photos of Chaco Canyon and Turquoise Artifacts], "People usually think of the Chaco Canyon as this big center [for turquoise]," said study lead author Sharon Hull, an anthropologist at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. Additionally, they found the Puebloans in Eagle's Watch in southern Utah and the Moapa Valley in southern Nevada procured their turquoise from deposits both near and far. Original article on Live Science. Chaco Canyon is a land of extremes. The remains of dams, canals, and basins suggest that Chacoans . The museum collection is divided into two components: objects and archives. You need to drive about 20 miles on a dirt road to reach Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Chaco Museum Collection Today The pagan traditions associated with it have survived through the centuries, with many still A large Viking burial mound found on the island of Karmy off Norways western coast was long thought to be empty. Initially, scientists thought the gems came from the nearest turquoise deposit more than 124 miles (200 kilometers) away the Cerrillos Hills Mining District near present-day Santa Fe, N.M. But between the two, you have an isotope overlap that is pretty distinct for each resource." The Chaco Canyon chocolate-drinking jars have a distinct shape, with connections to similarly shaped Mayan vessels. Artifacts from the museum collection can be seen in the park's web exhibit and in Albuquerque at the University of New Mexico Maxwell Museum of Anthropology exhibit, People of the Southwest. Chaco is located in a high, desert region of New Mexico, where water is scarce. Chaco Canyon, a major center of ancestral Pueblo culture between 850 and 1250 AD, was a focus for ceremonials, trade and political activity for the prehistoric Four Corners area. The exhibit at the Chaco Canyon visitor center does not contain artifacts and planning for the future of the exhibit is underway. Chaco is more than just a tourist site however, it is also sacred land. About a millennium ago, the ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico obtained their precious turquoise using a large trade network spanning several states, new research reveals. New York, She Read More. The Chaco Project chose sites from each time period, including Archaic Sites (e.g., Atlatl Cave and Sleeping Dune), Basketmaker III sites (e.g., 29SJ 299 and 423), Basketmaker III-Pueblo I sites (e.g., Shabikeshchee Village, 29SJ 628), Pueblo I sites (e.g., 29SJ 724 and 597), Pueblo I-II sites (e.g., 29sj 626, 627, 629, 1360), Pueblo II sites (e.g., Pueblo Alto, Una Vida, and Kin Nahasbas), a Pueblo III site (The Poco Site), a series of special use sites collectively known as Stone Circles, and one Historic site the Doll House Site. [In Photos: Archaeology Around the World]. They are the genetic caretakers of the universe, once thought to be Gods when they interacted with the human race in eons past. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Artifacts were collected from nearly 1,800 sites (Chaco Project Survey Sites). We know from other archaeological sites in the southwest that there were attempts to breed these colorful birds, no doubt in order to use their colorful feathers as status symbols or for ceremonial purposes. Chaco was the urban center of a broader world, and the ancestral Puebloans who lived here engineered striking buildings, waterways, and more. NEW PRESENTATION DOCUMENT Park facilities were limited, and so museum collections from excavations and donations were sent elsewhere for storage. The scope of the system is wider than that of most public or private institutions. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). Red Tank Draw, AZ ( Hand). Built over 800 years ago from massive basalt rocks, this lost city is nestled in the dense jungle and mangroves. The team is now looking to further map the movement of the blue-green mineral across the southwestern United States, in hopes of learning more about the individual groups that coveted turquoise and were involved in the massive trade network. Knowledge awaits. It was 18 years ago in the summer of 1995on my honeymoonand one year before college students found the Compass. It was multistoried, with some sections reaching as high as four stories. These artifacts were integral expressions of a spiritually-minded race referred to in the WingMakers materials, as the Central Race. Direct link to David Alexander's post Rain, streams, wells and , Posted 6 months ago. Chacoan petroglyphs can be found at the base of the cliffs (photo: Adam Meek, CC BY 2.0). Staircases leading out of the canyon allowed people to climb the mesas and access a vast network of roads that connected places across great distances, such as Great Houses in the wider region. Heres how it works. This leads theACIOto assume it is not an isolated artifact randomly discovered, but rather part of a larger configuration of artifacts possibly leading to a spacecraft. Over the years, archaeologists have found more than 200,000 turquoise pieces at various sites in the Chaco Canyon. Pueblo Bonito (Spanish for beautiful town) is the largest and best-known great house in Chaco Culture National Historical Park, northern New Mexico.It was built by the Ancestral Puebloans who occupied the structure between AD 828 and 1126.. The artifacts were collected during a Museum-led 1896-1900 expedition at Pueblo Bonito, one of the multi-storied sandstone buildings or great houses that were built by the Ancestral Puebloans. The type of artifacts in the collection include the full range of Chacoan material culture -- prehistoric vessels, stone and bone tools, matting and sandals, ground stone tools for making corn flour, projectile points, hammers and mauls, hoes and digging sticks, corn cobs and turkey bones, and ornaments of shell, Turquoise, jet, and bone. Paleogenomics approaches like this one can give us insights into the lives of ancient peoples on a scale never before possible. Neither were involved with the study. Follow us @livescience, Facebook& Google+. The researchers identified several handprints and footprints plastered into the walls and floors throughout the great houses. 3/5. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. This suggests the people of Pueblo Bonito mined the nearby deposits themselves and either monopolized the mines or, more likely, had unique knowledge about the deposit locations. . This is unbelievably exciting stuff that SHOULD be in history books. In that example the scientific evidence backed up tribal arguments for repatriation of what they call The Ancient One, and its remains were reinterred by Northwest tribes on February 18 in a secret location. Along the side of Yanmen Shan mountain, located twenty kilometers to the east of Nanjing, China, the legendary Yangshan quarry can be found. Site forms, maps, and photographs documenting this collection are housed in the archive. There, in a mile-high desert, one of North America's most complex societies flourished for three centuries, from roughly C.E. Prior to 1970, most of the NPS artifact collections at the park were made during ruin stabilization and salvage archaeology projects. I havent read any more than the introduction at this point but wanted to share this right away. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Chacoan petroglyphs can be found at the base of the cliffs (photo: New Mexico is known as the land of enchantment. Among its many wonders, Chaco Canyon stands out as one of the most spectacular. Site cards and photographs documenting this collection are housed in the archive. The researchers expect to be able to source the rest of the artifacts as they add more data from other turquoise mines to their database. For the past 115 years or more, visitors to Chaco Canyon collect and take artifacts home with them, despite the fact this is an illegal activity. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Chaco's national and international significance is based on its approximately 4,000 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites, representing more than 10,000 years of human cultural history in Chaco Canyon. About a millennium ago, the ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico obtained their precious turquoise using a large trade network spanning several states, new research reveals. I love visiting the ruins of the American Southwest because I can almost feel the presence of its original inhabitants. Joseph Bennington-Castro is a Hawaii-based contributing writer for Live Science and Space.com. Many of these objects speak to the larger Chacoan world, as well as Chacos interactions with cultures farther away. Between 1947 and 1969, 16 sites were either excavated as salvage archaeology projects or as part of site stabilization projects. Even as the work lends new support to the affinities between modern indigenous groups and ancient Chacoans, the researchers efforts have landed them in a minefield of research ethics. Direct link to David Alexander's post How do oil drilling and f, Posted 6 months ago. Traditionally, we tend to separate Mesoamerica and the American Southwest, as if the peoples who lived in these areas did not interact. Access and Use Follow Joseph Castroon Twitter. Thank Heaven for the Internet! These findings show that the long-distance trade routes of the Puebloan people weren't used to only move goods particularly turquoise in one direction, Hull said. Depart Farmington in the early morning for remote Chaco Culture National Historical Park, passing through Navajo Nation tribal land on the way.The canyon was central to thousands of people between 850 AD and 1250 AD though there is evidence of human occupation beginning in 900 BC. Therefore, the research will be continued. The history is tangible and I feel its magic. Chaco Canyon, a major centre of ancestral Pueblo culture between 850 and 1250, was a focus for ceremonials, trade and political activity for the prehistoric Four . Anthropologists do this all the time. Direct link to David Alexander's post You dig around in the mid, Posted 6 months ago. Its hard to forget when we had to travel a seemingly endless washboard road to get there. After testing distinguishable jar fragments from an excavated trash pile in. The Hibben Center was not designed for exhibits, but rather as a research facility and a state-of- the-art storage repository. Beltane is an ancient Gaelic festival celebrating the beginning of summer and the renewal of life. Additionally, they found the Puebloans in Eagle's Watch in southern Utah and the Moapa Valley in southern Nevada procured their turquoise from deposits both near and far. Candidate at the Faculty of Languages, University of Gdansk. Ancient Puebloan trade network much more extensive than previously believed. Turn right on county road 7950. Next, the team analyzed the ratios of copper to hydrogen isotopes of 74 turquoise artifacts from Puebloan sites in the San Juan Basin, southern Utah and the Moapa Valley in Nevada. This indicates that hereditary leadership was present at the time of Pueblo Bonitos founding rather than gradually developing later as some earlier studies had suggested, says Jill Neitzel, an archaeologist at the University of Delaware.
Best Tea Bags For Hemorrhoids,
Upscale Brunch Raleigh, Nc,
California Code Of Regulations Title 14,
Articles C