The Lama and Aani were taking mostly spiritual knowledge and practices from Gomba. The common people are obliged to follow the rules fixed by the ghenba. They were isolated for years and are completely unevangelized. The prospect of bouncing about again in a bus bound for Jomsom for 12 to 15 hours stared us in the face. 2004. They were not allowed to leave their area without permission and were not allowed to marry Tibetans. The Loba live in a kingdom that was founded by a fierce soldier under the oppression of feudal lords. In lieu of their services, King has provided highly fertile land to dhongbas, as Funjok Gurung (39) told us that dhongbas are entitled to become village chiefs. They inhabit the Mustang and Dolpa districts in the northern part of the region (Dhawalagiri Zone), close to the Nepal-China border.. People Group Location: Omid. Cite this article. The Loba people were traditionally practicing a polyandry marriage system which has changed to monogamy. One wondered whether Greek and Roman architecture might not have been inspired by these cliffs and columns. 2009. Vinding, Michael, 1994. The Pemako area can be reached after weeks of jeep and foot travel so the people are still pretty much isolated. The result is that Gomba was compelled to modify their existing rules to make people more obliged to support Gomba, particularly the operation of agricultural activities in the land plots owned by Gomba. At present the dhongba system is facing several challenges because of the changes in the marriage system and childbirth control, as well as changes in environmental and resource conditions. 7, 4 (2023). In these caves, relics from a Bon past were found alongside Buddhist artefacts. However, their everyday clothes and hairstyles have changed with the course of modernization. This is done to avoid confusion regarding the current reality of a people group, to fix grammar and spelling and to avoid potentially offensive wording. Lhoba speaks Sino-Tibetan languages named Adi and Bokar; as well as Idu Mishmi. told reporters that due to the dispersed living and inconvenient transportation 2000; Peterson & Broad 2009), to understand the variation in place-specific impacts of climate change. culture of Loba. It is also impossibly windy, and unless you are careful, the vicious wind could knock you off your feet. project. Little, if any, history of Christianity. Until 1992, this area was closed to the outside world. They harvest their crops first and common people harvest crops later. All living things in the world are subject to wuyong and it brings bad fortune to offend a wuyong. These five colors symbolize wind, sky, earth, water, and fire, respectively. This is one of the odd traditions that is existing in the world.This old culture is followed by the residents of Spain since 1620.This culture was mainly organized to keep the devils away.According to this culture, children are laid on the mattresses in the street and heavy crowd gather to watch.Usually the jumpers wear traditional costumes to Nevertheless, they are categorized as the Kutak (Bistas), the Phalwas (the Gurung), the Drokpa (nomadic pastoralists); and the Ghara (occupational groups) based on their blood relation, power position, and occupation. For example, the feudal lords build three-story houses; but the common people and those in the lower castes are only allowed to build single-story houses without walled in compounds. District Development Committee, Mustang. Five households were sinkhor, who were responsible for supplying fuel wood or fuel dung to the palace. The ru is understood as bone and related to the fathers line; and shya is flesh related to the mothers line. Again, Lo King Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista took the side of Nepal Government during the Khampas rebellion when they were waging war against China from Mustang. Some Lobas use caves as houses and monasteries. animals and sacrificed ghosts or asked wizards to recite sutras, and used witchcraft Many of the young Loba people are waiting expectantly and anxiously for the road's completion, but many older residents are hesitant about what it will mean for their culture and identity. On that day, Bang and his two sons lived in the Nayu Valley (now in the Int. He further said: We are facing challenges of climate change, the temperature is rising, and we are not sure about the weather patterns at present, but the ghenba system is controlled by the local feudal without considering the new weather dynamics and life and livelihood of the poor. The data and information were collected under the PhD research project (Khattri 2021) of the first author. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. California Privacy Statement, Already, the Loba are taking measures to safeguard valuable aspects of their cultural heritage in an age of globalization. As the crow flies, that would have been the shortest route, except that we were not crows and the route entailed going up and down one mountain after another until we reached Jomsom. The most important livelihood of Lobas relied on salt (rock salt) and grain trade, which connected them to the central hills of Nepal and India. Rappaport, Roy. the high mountain barrier, the Loba people have little contact with the outside In . of the Loba Nationality has been carried on from generation to generation until Pedro Lemebel, the Chilean writer, artist, activist, and provocateur, died last Friday morning of laryngeal cancer. 20,000 as a fine for those households unable to take responsibility of chhime. Today, most Lhoba people are Lhoba households are farmers but hunting is the central activity of Lhoba men. 2012. Called sky caves, they harbour secrets from a distant past. As the study site is Lo-manthang of the Upper Mustang, the Population and Housing Census 2011 documented 569 individuals as the areas total population (CBS 2012). Today there are about 4000 Lhoba people in China but many Lhoba people also live in northeast India, Bhutan and Myanmar. Electricity, telephone and internet facilities are extended to this remote location. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. In great need of spiritual renewal and commitment to biblical faith. Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage projects. 192211). Xudulong Festival is the most special Lhoba festival which is celebrated on the second month of Tibetan calendar. Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage proje. We stopped for a bite at the Yak Donalds restaurant. This practice was also a part of population control. 936). We also crossed a lone chorten, evocative of the isolation of this wind-swept high-altitude plateau, and a stunning Mani wall. Levine, Nancy E. 1981. The Lobas speak the Tibeto Burman language and follow different sects of Tibetan Buddhism. Nepal. These children are mostly sponsored by donors. The Upper Mustang lies between 30005000m from sea level, however, the main human settlement of Lo-manthang is located at an altitude of 3700m above the sea level. Lama/monks work to improve the spiritual life and general health of the Loba community. The clothes of the Loba people are Caizhao Village now has a small village with Lhoba features, a folk customs museum. Dove, 121. This system was followed also in Varanasi India during winter trade. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 5 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w. Knrzer, Karl-Heinz. The younger Loba want to discard it, but the older generation feels it is necessary. Migration, social change, health, and the realm of the possible: womens stories between Nepal and New York: womens stories. There were moments when we felt we could not go any further and might have to freeze under a star-studded sky; temperatures can plunge to minus at night. Abadani, the ancestor of the Loba people, The politico-institutional changes in the Upper Mustang have been remarkable in the last seven decades. Lobas have started using the threshing machine for crop harvest and tractors and trucks to deliver fuel, food, and bring local products to the market. Aani Gomba was found in Thinger, Tsarang, and Lo-manthang in the past. language belongs to the Zang-Burmese language family of the Sino-Tibetan To cope with this sort of crisis, the ghenba System enforced a new rule that every household must play the role of chhime and ghenba on their turn. Uphoff, Norman, and Buck Louise. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba The six chhimes watch the livestock to prevent them from encrouching to farmlands. It is inhabited by the Loba and the Khampa. We have also used secondary data to evaluate the facts and ideas, from published scholarly journals to grey literature on the related themes. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Some Lamas, who moved out from the Gomba, run private boarding schools with the support of local and foreign well-wishers. Harwood Academic. Two Buddhist sects, the Kargyupa and the Sakyapa, are dominant in upper Mustang. Lhoba women wears skirts made from sheep's wool and narrow-sleeved blouses. We welcome. The reflection of such teaching can be observed in peoples behavior toward animals and plants. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. Evangelicals = 2% Professing Christians > 50% 4 Terms and Conditions, Mustang is a semi-independent kingdom within Nepal. In old days, Lhoba people were divided into two classes - 'maide' and 'nieba'. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. Overview: The Loba of Nepal, numbering 35,000, are Engaged yet Unreached. They are the political authority as well. Mustang's later poverty may have preserved the original wall paintings. Similarly, Ojha (1986) highlighted economic life; Pissel (1965) presented the general description of Loba from a Tibeto-centric perspective; Sharma & Gurung (2056 BS:2000 AD) documented religious sites; and Tulachan (2003) focused on tourism. Nevertheless, despite all socio-economic and political development, migration has become a big challenge to continue the role of traditional institutions of the Loba community in Lo-manthang since the increased scarcity of human resources to perform community responsibilities is observed. millet-stirred rice dumplings and chili peppers. ), Anthropology of Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions (pp. They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. We would like to express our deep gratitude to the late Professor Dr. Om Gurung (supervisor) for his generosity, kind support, and supervision during the PhD journey. They speak the following languages: Luba-Katanga, Luba-Kasai, Luba-Maniema, and Swahili. Village municipality developmental works are mostly done by these in-migrant workers since the members of the Loba community are not much interested in such labor works. Both the men and women grow their hair long and often wear it braided. However, as Loba people prioritize cash income away from agriculture, the practice of half-share crop production system hardly exists. Design principles in long-enduring irrigation institutions. Fifty-three households were the makhiu, i.e., the Kings soldiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0174-9. Unfortunately, not much is known about the history and origin of Lhoba people. I like to eat a kind of In Lo-manthang, in particular, and in Upper Mustang in general, households are classified into three types; 1) Dhongba, 2) Ghyanchen and 3) Samasume. Frer-Haimendorf, Christoph Von. Map Design: Joshua Project, Joshua Project data is drawn from many sources and of varying accuracy depending on source and editorial decisions. He probably forgot how altitude could play havoc with travel plans. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. It operates at different levels, from individuals to households, clusters, and in broader areas such as region. The Loba people often invite folk singers to perform in their There is no native The village workers function as watchmen, look after public taps, including whether people use them for washing clothes, as the rules prohibit them from doing so. NEFIN & CIPRED. Peterson, Nicole, and Broad, Kenneth. Samar, at 3,700 m, is a verdant village of just seven households. The people of Upper Mustang have also perceived the changes, particularly the warming, changes in the forms and seasons of precipitation and changes in wind characteristics such as duration, intensity, and wind -temperature (Pandey 2019). The Chosar caves in Upper Mustang in Nepal, near the Tibetan border. The Loba follow horizontal social stratification by their occupation, educational level, property holding/access, fluency in languages, gender, and lifestyles. Kings role has been positive in opening tourism in Upper Mustang since 1992 and the family has also been involved in the tourism sector. The Loba local institutions, however, have supported the coping and adaptation of Lobas to the local environment. The skull of the consumed animal is held in front of the houses to symbolize diligence and wealth. Most houses are built close together and have no windows, only holes in the walls to protect against the high speed winds that race up the mountains. Only a tiny 19-seater aircraft flies from Pokhara to Jomsom daily, and even this shuts down when the weather in Jomsom turns moody and misty, which is often. The sakaluka ritual is the function of worshiping local spirits (nagas, serpents) where a lady plows the land at the beginning to mark crop cultivation time (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). covered with heavy ornaments. The Loba livelihood includes agriculture, livestock management, trade/seasonal, tourism, and labor migration. Similarly, the seasonal weather pattern has become unpredictable as some winters are warmer than the springs as winter snowfall is shifted to early spring. Abadani had three sons, the eldest was The social and cultural hierarchy of the Lo Kingdom is significantly different from the caste and ethnicity system of Nepal. In Climate cultures: Anthropological perspectives on climate change, ed. Structures wrought by the wind and other elements over millions of years and looking like Grecian Corinthian or Ionic columns rose towards the sky. According to the Amchi Ghyacho, there are three kinds of human life situations in which a Lama needs to perform rituals: Nakchi rituals are performed for sick people; Sinchi rituals are performed for dead persons; Karcha rituals are performed during the marriage and the birth of a child in a family. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. They are absentee landlords who cannot cultivate their lands but want to retain their land under their ownership. This is a unique trait to the Loba, and is practiced so that there is less of a chance of a woman becoming a widow in her lifetime. Other visible impacts reported are increased invasive species, changed phenology of plants, increased incidents of crops and livestock diseases, and changed habitats of disease vectors. For the tourists, we couldnt meet them for a regular Tibet tour because of isolation and quarantine. They develop rules with a collective decision for transhumance practice. Despite the harsh surroundings, villages in Upper Mustang seemed like veritable oases. Lo-manthang and Lo Ghekar Damodar Kunda are two rural municipalities where thirty-nine village settlements are located (District Development Committee, Mustang, 2068 BS: 2012AD). In the polyandrous family, male members follow the reme gyapkin system to maintain a harmonious relationship among the brothers in the household. On such occasions, the Loba people too, used to greet the King with some money and khada (a piece of special cloth as the symbol of well-wishes) to the Loba King and the Queen. 2011. We want to thank the University Grants Commission Nepal for partial Financial Support for this research under PhD thesis grant. Dhongba was a real-life saver of the household in the past, which, with the course of modernization, their burden has been notably reduced and responsibility has been changed as many Loba households sustain on their own. The following are illustrative examples of culture: Norms Assumption Belief Behavior Languages Festivals The monarch also protects the livelihood of the Loba community by maintaining peace and harmony among the Loba people through formal rules and regulations. The findings of this paper were presented by the first author at the Central University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India on the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (14-16th Nov. 2022). There are no competing interests in this manuscript. We had to clamber on hands and feet to reach Tsaile but decided to move on after lunch to the next camp, in Samar. Lama Phunchok said: The fluttering prayer flags (lungta) are a piece of cotton cloth squared in size, with five colors: white, blue, yellow, green, and red. methods are basically the same as those in the Tibetan agricultural areas. The formal Kingship ended by the Nepali state in 2008. Their hierarchy is not based on untouchability and lacks a higher level of exclusion, even in private spheres. Besides, we also had, in a moment of recklessness, included in our itinerary Upper Mustang, one of the two Tibetan provinces in Nepal, which stretched our trek to an insane 24 days: insane because none of us were habitual trekkers even if we were reasonably fit. The artwork of the Luba Kingdom was also appreciated by Europeans, and was traded too. Yibin City is located in the south of Sichuan Province, at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and the confluence zone of Jinsha River, Minjiang River and Yangtze River. Google Scholar. On May 23, 2011, the "Legend of the it is a festival after another. We moved on, to Tsaile across the river where we would have our lunch and halt for the night. Until 2008, there were four titular kings in Nepal (Mustang, Jajarkot, Salyan, and Bajhang). countryside. There was not a soul to ask, no dwelling, no marker, nothing. 2016. The occupational groups include the Ghara (smith), the Shemba (butcher), the Chemba (leather worker), the Nepa (leather processer), the Samjuwa or the Sumbra (tailor), and the Emeta (musician). Nevertheless, as the Upper Mustang has experienced rapid changes in socio-economic, political and environmental systems in the last half-century, we investigated their roles in adaptive measures to those changes using the following conceptual framework (Fig. Todays Loba have little idea of the source of the ancient rich pigments. The issue of identity is complex, multifaceted, and overlapped. Regional Environmental Change 11 (S1): 6577. While that burnt a huge hole in our wallets, after our experience of the previous day we were ready to sell all our possessions, including our homes if it came to that. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 11: 2459. These languages are not mutually intelligible and Lhoba people do not have any written script. Uprety, Prem Raman. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Although informal, the King still has some power, recognized by Loba communities, to modify individuals or households fine fixed by the ghenba system. protection project, which will be more conducive to the protection of the folk When singing, All rights reserved. The trans-Himalayan region of Nepal has a unique natural landscape and is also called a hidden paradise on Earth. This town, with a resident population of around 15,000, has a single high street that runs its entire length, a few hotels and the odd shop or two, all watched over by the magnificent Nilgiri and Dhaulagiri peaks. The total population of Upper Mustang is 3322, which has the lowest population density (1.49 person /km2) in Nepal comparing the national average of 198 person/km2 (CBS 2022). They produce single seasonal crops of few varieties (wheat, naked barley, mustard, potatoes, buckwheat, vegetables). The concept of Wuyong has a significant influence on the life and work of Lhoba people. people is an integral part of the life of the Loba people, a mirror of the Loba Please. Gurung (1996) described a local institution called satthari (village council or a structure of village society), which is composed of different clans and kin groups in a community that legitimately works for local jural and political purposes. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. Buddhism seems to have been integrated into the original Bon faith. Other than the game they hunt, they consume maize or millet flourdumplings, rice or buckwheat. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 6(0).
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